Becky DiMattia, December 2012
Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio
Judith, 1598
Palazzo Barberini, Rome
The Story of David & Goliath:
When David was a young shepherd, his people were threatened by the Philistine giant Goliath. David approached King Saul and insisted he could conquer the giant, even though he was not a soldier, and could not even fit into armor. David used his shepherd’s sling to shoot two well-aimed rocks at Goliath?s head. Goliath fell, and David grabbed his abandoned sword and used it to cut Goliath’s head off. David returned triumphantly carrying Goliath’s head.
The Story of Judith & Holofernes:
In response to the threat of General Holofernes and his army, Judith, a beautiful Jewish widow, pretended to betray her city of Bethulia. She left with her maidservant, Abra, traveled to the enemy’s camp, and told the soldiers she intended to help them. Upon hearing this, Holofernes invited her to dinner. Inflamed by her beauty, he dismissed all his other guests, but Judith enticed him to drink until he was significantly weakened. She stole his sword, cut of his head, and called to her maidservant, who helped her to stuff the general’s head into a sack. The women escaped unnoticed, returned triumphantly to their people, and in the morning, when the headless Holofernes was discovered, the people of Bethulia overpowered their disoriented enemy.
There are many similarities in the stories of the biblical heroes David and Judith, and yet artists treated their stories very differently. Both David and Judith were unlikely heroes who overcame the odds and single-handedly saved their people from a fierce enemy by decapitating the enemy leader. Paintings of David illustrate his heroism and bravery, and paintings of Judith should show the same traits. Instead, paintings of Judith often depict her as weak, passive and barely able to wield a sword, while emphasizing her beauty and sexuality. Rather than giving her credit for heroically saving her people, painters twisted the theme of Judith into a warning to men: don’t let your guard down around beautiful women or you’ll lose your head!
The young shepherd boy who slayed the giant Goliath later goes on to become the beloved King David, and the story of David and Goliath is meant to illustrate that David was skilled, brave and favored by God even from a young age. Paintings of David and Goliath emphasized David’s youth and Goliath’s size to show how the unlikely hero triumphed over the enemy. Artists depicted David as undeniably heroic.
Judith’s story is also meant to illustrate one of the many times that God favored the Israelites against their enemies, and that He especially favors those who are devout. The Book of Judith goes in to great detail about Judith’s devotion to God, her wisdom, and her brilliant scheme to gain the enemy’s trust in order to decapitate the general and escape with his head. Are paintings of Judith undeniably heroic? Sadly no, many of them are not.
The story of Judith is full of juicy details that made it all to easy to portray Holofernes as the victim of a cunning woman. Many of these details are twisted to support the use of this theme as a warning to men about the dangers of beautiful women. For example, the story describes how Judith dressed in her finest, adorned herself with jewels and then God made her even more beautiful. How could Holofernes have stood a chance? Judith is described at length as a devout and faithful woman. Holofernes wasn’t really defeated by a woman: it was God acting through a woman. Judith had an elaborate scheme to gain Holofernes trust by pretending to abandon her people and promising to share their secrets. Women lie and can’t be trusted!
The one detail that is not in the story is the one that artists seem to exploit the most. The story says that Holofernes was filled with desire for Judith, and nothing more is said. Many artists used their imagination and portrayed Judith in various states of nudity. Holofernes thought he was about to to sleep with Judith when she decapitated him. Women don’t play fair!
Judith’s maid is one of the most fascinating aspects of many paintings of Judith. As a wealthy widow, Judith brought her maid with her when she pretended to betray her people, and she asked her maid to wait outside the tent while she decapitated the general. Many artists included the maid in the tent with Judith, usually as an eager co-conspirator. The only thing more dangerous than a beautiful woman is two women working together.
Images of Judith |
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| A Heroic Woman: In my opinion, the following depictions of Judith are faithful to her story and depict her as a brave, heroic savior of her people. | |||||
Massimo Stanzione
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Trophime Bigot
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Giovanni Battista il Sassoferrato
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Artemisia Gentileschi
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Salomon de Bray
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Oh, come on, really? In my opinion, the following depictions of Judith are hilariously unfortunate misrepresentations of her story, depicting her as weak, passive, barely capable of doing the deed, and barely dressed. Ask yourself this: “Are we really supposed to believe that this woman decapitated a general?” |
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Bernardo Cavallino
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Philipp van Dijk
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Eglon van der Neer
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Alessandro Varotani
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Giovan Gioseffo dal Sole
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Images of David |
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| The undeniable hero: | |||||
Orazio Gentileschi
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Peter Paul Rubens
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Carlo Dolci
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Daniele da Volterra
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Guido Reni
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David and Goliath: | Judith and Holofernes: |
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Origin of the story: | The Old Testament: First Book of Samuel, Ch. 17 | Orazio Gentileschi | The Old Testament: Apocrypha:The Book of Judith, Ch. 8 | Massimo Stanzione |
The hero: | David, a young shepherd who would become King of the Israelites | Judith, a widowed Israelite woman from the town of Bethulia | ||
The enemy army: | The Philistines | The Assyrians | ||
The enemy: | Goliath, a particularly large well-armed member of the Philistine army. The Philistines were attempting to conquer the Israelites, and Goliath had agreed to surrender if an Israelite could defeat him. | Holofernes, the general of Nebuchadnezzar's army, sent to to take vengeance on the nations of the west that had withheld their assistance to his reign. | ||
The decision to oppose the enemy: | David brought food to his older brothers in the Israelite army. Upon hearing about Goliath's ultimatum, David told King Saul that he would defeat Goliath "because he has defied the armies of the living God." | Judith intervened when the town's elders decided that they would surrender if God did not send help within five days. Judith reproached them for putting a timeline on God's mercy, and decided to take matters in to her own hands by going to the enemy camp. | ||
Justification for self-confidence: | Faith in God: "The LORD who rescued me from the paw of the lion and the paw of the bear will rescue me from the hand of this Philistine." | Faith in God: Judith is devout and prays for divine guidance throughout the ordeal. | ||
Weakening the enemy: | David slung a stone which sank in to Goliath's forehead, and Goliath fell face down. | Judith pretended to be a traitor to her people, and after gaining their trust, she accepted an invitation to dine with Holofernes alone. He was excited to have a beautiful traitoJr in his camp, and drank to excess until he fell asleep. | ||
Defeating the enemy: | David cut off Goliath's head with his sword. | Judith cut off Holofernes' head with his sword | ||
The weapons: | David's slingshot (used to protect his sheep from other animals) and Goliath's own sword. | Judith's feminine wiles and Holofernes' sword | ||
The head: | David brought Goliath's head to Jerusalem. | Judith brought Holofernes' head to Bethulia | ||
The result: | The Philistine army fled | The Assyrian army fled when they were attacked by the Israelites at dawn, and discovered their general's headless body. | ||
A hero's reward: | David became a member of the household of King Saul, rose through the ranks of the army, gained popularity, married the king's daughter Michal, and became king of the Israelites. | Judith is awarded Holofernes' riches. | ||
